Early Neolithic Social Organization Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Early Neolithic Social Organization - Essay Example The first one is Pre Pottery Neolithic which is all about the "true farming" that occurred where people were used to planting and harvesting wheat. Along with farming is the domestication of animals, also to answer their day-to-day needs. This stage was followed by the pre-pottery period where people tried to build their houses made of mud bricks. No long before they learned pottery which further improved their lives and this was the peak of the Neolithic period. The Neolithic period that slowly evolved along with knowledge and experience, somehow showed the presence of social organizations. The presence of hierarchies can somehow be traced through the burial grounds and an example of this is the one found in the excavation in Central Europe where some tombs were found to be different from others in a way that they looked more sophisticated and hard to make, suggesting that others could have afforded labor to create such tombs. Through the Neolithic sites that were explored, what were visible were signs of possibilities for group feuds where others could have been treated more superior like the leaders and the chiefs in tribes. These were more visible in the European Bronze age. (Wikipedia) Moving forward to the possibility of reconstructing the early Neolithic social o... As discussed partly a while ago, there were already the different kinds of tombs found during the excavation. These tombs will then connect us to their culture and social structure, ways and means that they tried to adopt in the past. But firs we try to define what megalithic tombs are and how significant are they to historians, researchers and archaeologists. Maximilian Baldia explores in his essay "Megalithic Tombs and Interregional Communication" how long and how significant these tombs are to us. He said that the closely five thousand megalithic tombs signify how people were connected in different aspects. He also explained that the presence of timber mortuary during the Neolithic period can and might have been the start of the small primeval dolmens in the Early Neolithic. "Furthermore, the popularity of the primeval dolmen may have arisen as a practical solution resulting from the need for suitable large trees required for building houses, palisades, boats and apparently even single-piece wagonwheels. Increased village size, more numerous fields, and larger herds of domesticated grazing animals during the later part of the EN C would have reduced the forests containing these timbers near the villages, making stone construction more cost effective. A decline in tree trunk diameter used in construction from the ENto the MiddleNeolithic (MN), has been noted in conjunction with likely woodland management and supports this argument. Therefore, stone chambers should first have occurred in areas where a large population would have been confined to limited land. The most likely place in the TRB culture area would have been the islands

Individual Project Criminal Evidence Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Individual Project Criminal Evidence - Essay Example It is a basic rule of evidence that when the terms of an agreement have reduced to writing, it is considered as containing all the terms agreed upon, and there can be, as between the parties, no evidence of such term other than the contents of the written agreement per se. A classic example of a documentary evidence is a contract. Parol or oral evidence refers to the testimony of a witness made before the judicial court. An example of this type of evidence is the testimony of the victim in a rape case. One of the popular cases in Canada where DNA testing was allegedly used was the case of Dr. John Schneeberger. The latter is a doctor who raped one of his sedated patients in 1992 and intentionally left semen on the victim's underwear. The police immediately got blood samples from Schneeberger's blood and compared the same the DNA to the DNA from the semen found at the crime scene on three different occasions. However, the matching proved to be negative. It was found out later on thru other evidence that Dr. John Schneeberger inserted a Penrose drain into his own arm thru surgery and then filled the same with a foreign blood and anticoagulants. Anticoagulants is a type of drug that prevents the clotting of the blood while a Penrose drain, according to Wikipedia, is a surgical device placed in a wound to drain and prevent the build up of fluid. This in turn resulted to the degradation of the value of DNA evidence in criminal cases since DNA samples may be faked and planted, just like in Schneeberger case. In this case, the DNA sample, although previously admitted by the court, failed to prove the suspicions earlier made by the police authorities. DNA evidence is a real or object evidence since it is a material evidence that is addressed directly to the senses of the court. Although logically, judges and justices may not appreciate its value without the corresponding interpretation and testimony of scientists expert in the field, it can stand alone in court as evidence and therefore maintains its classification as a real or object evidence. In most states in the United States, DNA evidence are admissible in court even without the corresponding expert testimony. However in some jurisdictions, the expert testimony plays a big role in determining the admissibility of DNA as evidence. Personally, I do not agree with the use of DNA as evidence in proving the guilt or innocence of an accused. There are relevant scientific studies where it was concluded that DNA testing is not 100% perfect although the ratio of its reliability reaches one is to 5 million. Criminal prosecution is totally different from civil ones. It is the life and liberty of the accused which is at stake. It has been said that it is better to leave a criminal free rather than punish an innocent man. In this case, no matter how small the percentage of the probable mistake may be committed in the DNA testing and studies, the same cannot justify prosecution and persecution of innocent people. It is totally different however in using DNA testing as a means of proving paternity, for example, as the same is civil in nature. Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA), although widely accepted in courts, are still subject to human mistakes such as the lack of control